Urbanization and Agriculture: Expansion of cities and agricultural land reduces the availability of natural habitats for bees.

Monoculture Farming: Large areas planted with a single crop provide limited and seasonal food sources for bees, making it harder for them to find sufficient nutrition year-round.

Temperature Changes: Unpredictable weather patterns and rising temperatures can disrupt bee life cycles and flowering times of plants they depend on.

Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency of storms, droughts, and other extreme weather can directly harm bee populations and their habitats.

Neonicotinoids: These widely used insecticides have been shown to harm bees by affecting their nervous systems, leading to disorientation and reduced ability to forage.

Other pesticides: Various other chemicals used in agriculture can be toxic to bees, either directly or through contaminated pollen and nectar.

Varroa Mites: These parasites attach to bees and feed on their bodily fluids, weakening them and spreading diseases.

Nosema: A fungal pathogen that affects the digestive systems of bees, leading to malnutrition and death.

Viral Infections: Various viruses, often spread by mites, can devastate bee colonies.

• Lack of Diversity in Diet: Bees need a variety of plants to obtain all necessary nutrients. Limited access to diverse pollen sources can lead to malnutrition.
• Reduced Forage Availability: Habitat destruction and agricultural practices that limit flowering plants reduce the available food for bees.

• Air Pollution: Can interfere with bees’ ability to find flowers by affecting their sense of smell.
• Water Pollution: Contaminated water sources can harm bees directly or indirectly through the plants they rely on.

• Beekeeping Practices: Certain practices in commercial beekeeping, such as transporting bees over long distances and frequent hive inspections, can stress colonies.
• Use of Antibiotics: Overuse of antibiotics in hives can disrupt the gut microbiota of bees, leading to health issues.

• Lack of Genetic Diversity:Inbreeding and selective breeding for certain traits can reduce genetic diversity, making bees more susceptible to diseases and environmental changes.